Guidance

Rig Veda: Rig Vedic civilization is the first converts of mixed breed of Aryan and Indian tribes and Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhis

Rig Veda: Rig Vedic civilization is the first converts of mixed breed of Aryan and Indian tribes and Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism are the last religions of converts in Indian subcontinent.

Are the Brahmans not converts during rig Vedic civilization from the Indian tribes by the Aryans?

Who are the Brahmans in Indian subcontinent in real terms?

The Indian tribes and the Aryans have produced the Brahmans. Brahman origin is mixed blood of the Aryan and Indian tribal people.

Rig Vedic civilization is the post Indian civilization in the Indian subcontinent and the Hinduism is the religion of the converts of two mixed breed of Aryan and Indian tribal people in India.

What was really attracted in the hundreds of independent states in Indian sub continent by the minor warrior Islamic king of Assyria, Mohammed bin qasim to come into the land of laws of rig Vedic Manu of Hinduism?

What was the exact profession of rig Vedic people after their arrival into Indian soil through the secret passage and continued their lives in an isolated location to avoid the confrontations with the local tribes in their interest of the new practice of religious acts of the new religion?

Why these rig Vedic people started the new acts of their religious laws on the name of bringing the gods to the houses of the offered at the cost of the people, is not a question to live in the safest way in the new region of Indian subcontinent?

The first generation of those people who arrived in search of food and feed their live stock in a big way along with the new food habits and new practices of the daily lives to settle in the isolated place of Indian subcontinent and continued their life for a small period till the completion of their stock and store what they brought along with them to these areas.

Are these people not the non-vegetarians first when they arrived at the Indian Subcontinent?

Hinduism, which is based on the Vedic civilization, is the first converts of mixed breed of Aryan-tribal people.

Hinduism, as religion developed through the Vedic civilization, is the first religion of converted people in Indian subcontinent. Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism are the last religions of converts in Indian subcontinent.

All the details are discussed here with reference of the Rig-Veda.

Politics, as a subject, has its relation with the religion after many centuries in the process of development and progress under the lead role of “man” who was and is the master of the universe on the basis of his action in the society.  Because the origin of the “state” from the human’s need as a product primarily intended for the protection for their other fellow humans in his early phase of the developments on the primitive societies in the list of his enemies.  The second threat was “he’ sensed from the wild animals while living in the forests to the phase of preparing settlements and habitations at their nearest surroundings. Whether it is agreeable fact or not, is depended upon the thinking way and understanding level of the mind of every individual irrespective of any religion. Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity Zoroastrianism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism and other minor religions are nothing but originated and introduced through the historic legendaries and carried forward as “drivers” of the human minds in introducing new rituals during and after life with different beliefs for their identification in the place of old ones.

Religions never produce any product in the society without labor of the humans who only produces the required commodities for the society. The religion is a feeling and beliefs of individuals and the some acts and practices of humans correspond to the identification of the religions through the people only. If a dozen of Christians were killed small village, and those killed were the only Christians in that village, the village becomes Christian less village in the view of the other villagers. This case is not for Christianity alone but it also applied to Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. The Christianity as a religion survives through the humans only. Religion does not have any material form but it lives in the signs and symbols which created by the humans. So the religion is a dependent of the belief and though to the human mind without which it would never exist.

Since the religion is non-productive and immaterial in its nature but it is a belief and faith and exists in the mind of the humans so that it cannot feed the humans readily. But the human minds which ‘drives’ the other humans like a “vehicle” by carrying the human to the destination what the mind of the driver sets internally in his mind while leading the humans to the task which could be in either in material form, or in the satisfaction. The origin and foundation of the concept of the religion it was identified by the names of the humans and in certain cases it is in the other forms through which the religion was identified, its initial stage, it is proved as driving force for the people without rational thinking, they follows the orders of the clergy class in all religions. Because the religion also belonged to the category of non productive sphere which is depended upon the sweat of the society of the people as they engage their productive work right from the beginning of the civilizations in the world.

The “labor” which works as a force under the command of “mind” in setting the tasks in determining the achievements already set by the mind itself in the progress of the human civilization in the world. In Rig-Veda the composers identified few people with the name “atheists”. The name “atheists” was the result of practices and specific acts with difference at that time among the tribes that carried out by those people whose faiths and their practices were differentiated from the other tribal people. The word the “atheists” was the direct result of non-performance of the different acts and beliefs of the “new people” whose practices were failed in convincing the others with their words and acts in practice for the purposes they set before them.

It is the result of unconvinced people who did not satisfy themselves with the practices and acts of others for particular purposes they set already before these other people. The condition, , which gave space at the time when the different acts and practices were introduced in the place of other existing ones among the tribal people, to those people for the identification with the act of “non-performance” and  the acts of unreliability to the beliefs as “non-believers” , at the time of composition of rig Veda.

The word “atheist” who represents the three different acts and beliefs,   had taken place in rig Veda. Of them one was already the acts and beliefs of the tribes, to whom the other people offered to, believe and perform the new act in the place of old as an action and belief for the transformation of new act in the place of old along with the belief as a new belief in the place of old belief. The second one was that the already existing acts and beliefs at that time among the tribes. The last one was the new practitioners of the new acts with the new beliefs by leaving the old beliefs and its acts. Hence the word “atheist” confirms that the new practitioners among the old ones in the tribes that the new religious acts and beliefs were taken place during the period of the composition of the rig Veda.

There is no name to identify any god prior to their work of calling gods, by preying to fulfill the needs of the worldly things and material gains for the sacrificers who were to bear the total costs of the sacrifice of the animals. It would be discussed in detail with comparative study of the book the rig Veda – a historical analysis written by shrikant. G. Talagery, who did not have the answers to the questions that rose against his book.

The role of Hindu religion in India was very different from the other religions of the Judaism and Christianity, as I wrote on it in previous article, “The Great Indian Civilization Overtook The Total Slave System In Ancient Social Transitional Phases In The Indian Society By Jumping Out The Slave System.” The very nature of every religion is non-productive and like a dead body without pulse beat. It is become only alive when it finds its believers and practitioners to make it alive in the society on its name tag. If the Egyptians did not have their belief in the life of after death we could be missed a chance of naming the pyramids there. If Moses did not have a faith of his dream for leading the huge number of slaves out of Egyptian territories for the Promised Land, the exodus could never be happened.

The house of King David could never be attacked by Babylonian king, if the house had not been filled with gold and valuable ornaments. Islamic warrior kings could not attack again if there were no valuable and potential territories in that Judean state. If there was no gold inside the Varanasi temple, we never read about the attack of kings including Aurangzeb. When the temples contain the golden doors, bells, and tones of gold ornaments in side the temples, who the king could sit silent listening Sanskrit hymns without plundering it. The growth and emergence of the state in every society was based on labor, contribution of the have to the treasury of the state and forced and free taxation by in rulers in monarchy, or the leaders in democracy.

The ruling elite from all organs of the state including its judiciary is depended upon the society which is used as a source to the state to protect the people through the laws on the subjects in the form of a body of ruling elite in every state from the sate of origin of the state to the present date. In other words, it is a body of parasites which would never produce any commodity of social use as it is ruling the society with the in its 90% of subjects.  In the process of transformation of the nature of the state from feudal to semi-feudal-to-capitalist model of the Indian society in had secured the barren lands and public sector units with some capital investment in nehruvian socialism in India. I discussed in my last five articles, about the role of state in society and can find in these articles in my articles page.

The word “Santana dharma” the new name, which has been given to the worlds one of the most ancient religions Hinduism, by the modern Hinduism clergy with a view to present this religion in the most competitive form against the Christianity and Islam for making this religion more comfortable to the people of other religions than the past in its practices for conversions and re-conversions into it. The reasons for renaming the Hinduism are more than a dozen. The modern Hindu fundamentalists’ wishes are to liberate it from the remains of terminology given to the Hindus in India by the Islamic foreign invaders after 6th century AD.   They want the Hindus to be identified with the word “sanatana dharma” to be identified with the exact definition of asceticism in Sanskrit language in India.

 

The word “Hindu” is not comfortable to the Hindu bodies because they see the Islamic origin in the word. The river name “Sindu” has been turned as “Hindu” in the passage of time and still it is in practice within India. Because, it Indian constitution the definition is in adverse form of claimants.  In expression the letter “h” uttered in the place of “s” by, the Persian Turkish and Islamic kings in Indian subcontinent, after the arrival of Islam into Indian soils. The word “Hindu” is direct and specific in its identifying the people of seven rivers of the Indian subcontinent and it was very precise in its form for the identification of the people of particular region in the world. The word “Sanatana” is taken from the Sanskrit language, the definition according to wikipedia is “Sanatana was one of the Four Kumaras or Catursana, the manasputras (born from the mind) of Brahma from the Puranic texts of Hinduism, like the Bhagavata Purana others being Sanaka, Sanandana and Sanatkumara”

Rakefet the translator defines the same with some additional information, as

“Sana

Sana (t), Sanatana (Sanskrit) Primeval, ancient, perpetual; one of the four groups of kumaras, the mind-born sons of Brahma.” The Sanskrit spoken translator has made a correction to the word “sanatana”, by adding one more “a” in the same sanatana

(As “sanaatana”) and gives six answers, permanent, forever, unending, adj. everlasting, adj. eternal, adj. ancient, adj, as these are the best words relevant and  applicable to the ancient Hinduism.  The word “Dharma” is defined by the Hutchinson encyclopedia, “In Hinduism, the consciousness of forming part of an ordered universe, and hence the moral duty of accepting one’s station in life. For Hindus, correct performance of dharma has a favorable effect on their karma (fate); this may enable them to be reborn to a higher caste or on a higher plane of existence, thus coming closer to the final goal of liberation from the cycle of reincarnation.” the complete meaning of the “sanatana dharma” is as per one encyclopedia, “eternal truth.” In essence, the Hinduism one of the most ancient religions has been renamed and the modern Hindu saints, and seers wants the global people to see the Hinduism as eternal truth in the world as to free the word from its identity with the Indus river. It is seen that the word “Hinduism” has lost its natural identity in at least two ways. One is that the Indus river area is no more home land of the Hinduism in the India as it’s the territory is fallen into the territory of Pakistan after partisan in 1947. Another way of its cutting roots from the original home land, “Hindu-stan” to the universality in its nature. These two acts are self-made and nobody would be blamed about it.

 

In its practicality, I see those who are claiming that they “sanatana dharma” people, who are very offensive against the other religious minorities India and they sees the Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, jains, and Sikhs as their enemies and wants to kill all to make India which should be only for these sanatana dharma people, even without the people of the very same Hinduism in political face.

 

If the people of India were the sanatana dharma, in face of more political than the social the 150 million Muslims could not exist in India. There is a wider gap between the two kinds of people in the same religion Hinduism. 99% Hindus are secular and democratic in India and less than 1% of the sanatana dharma people are conservative and even they are known as fundamentalist category also in India since last 20 years. The word “Sanatana Dharma” is more political than secular, and they as special class alienated from the original base of Hinduism for some political ambitions and vengeance again Indian Muslims and Christians offending them by becoming more than  fundamentalists in India.

 

 

The Hindu religion was spread out through the system of multiple activities as a set of individual activities for their daily life as well as for the wishes of best future also, in which they used to depend on the offering of the animal sacrifices and the food for the individuals along with their families also. The texts speaks a lot about their real activities on the name of religious sacrifices in all four Vedas which are considered the most sacred as they found their roots in these books. The Manu, the name mentioned many times as an ancient in Rig-Veda. Manu smriti is racial in its nature, because the Hinduism had not its sanctions to the slavery in Indian subcontinent the humans. It was not attracted for the man power to the Egyptian pharaohs in carrying out to their territories. In any case, the Indian history is not available to compare with the incidents of the Egyptian activities. Indian religious thoughts are mixed with the political thoughts without check with the archaeological findings in any level. It is impossible to see the Indian history through the Rig-Veda.

 

The origin or the humans and traces are found in the central African region only. And it continued its journey from there to all corners of the world. The bible confirms some historical facts of the past in its “promised land” which proves some historical accounts of the region. But the Indian soils are never identified with the human origins and traces in the similar way of the bible. It is undoubtedly, Rig-Veda as a book which speaks the continuing story of the matured advancement of human beings through their settlements in the Indian sub continent. The “state” has already in the developed form when the composers of Rig-Veda were initiated the new system of living among the tribes in the Indian soils. The history of India if anybody wants to see through the Rig-Veda, he would see the advanced stage of the human settlements of the number of habitations in the entire region only. The rig Vedic civilization is a religious practice of new Brahminical religious laws within the tribal civilization only. It starts with a stage of changing the existing civilization of the tribes. The rig Vedic civilization itself was not engaged in the social products initially while their beginning of the practice of the religious laws independently.

 

Their origin, growth and development of the Vedic civilization within the tribal civilization could be seen in the three phases through which they reached to the highest stage of the development of the rig Vedic civilization. The first group of rig Vedic society was independently initiated the religious practice of the new religious laws in the place of old and existing one within their habitation which was they selected in isolated place of hilly tracks and terrains in the tribal forest lands, by depending on their own food grains and livestock they brought along with them in a large group. The practice of the new religious laws they carried out within their habitation by making their own food collectively as they were not in need of food to depend upon the outsiders of their habitation completely. Frequently they depended upon the hunt very secretly to avoid the confrontation of the local tribes in their surroundings. In the second phase of their life needed to collect the food from outsiders of their habitation due to completion of their stock as well as frequent attacks and confrontations from the tribes. The third phase was they used to collect their food from the tribes by enticing towards their practice of the new religious laws among the tribes.

 

The final transitional phase of these people’ third and fourth generations were mingled with local tribes in the social products by following three types of their activities in all surrounding habitations. The first type of their activities of their new religion was to collect the food, gifts and material from the tribal habitations. The second was they partly depended upon the social products by owning the live-stock from the local tribes. Third was to engage in the hunting the animals for their lively hood. The expansion of the newly practicing religious rig Vedic people from first habitation of isolated location to the localized habitation in the tribal was based through the separation of the family system of the single family system of joint families of their sons and daughters. How these people were eager for sons can see in the Rig-Veda, as I noted through my previous articles about rig Veda. The desire for the “son” starts from rig Vedic days only. Expansion of the families and their habitations were depended on the ability of the sons only beside all other conditions for forming new habitations in the tribes in the Indian subcontinent. The leading force of this kind of the practice of new religious laws has depended upon the “mental ability of the son” in performing the religious acts according to time from dawn to dusk in the disciplined manner.

 

The social conditions in account of the beliefs, practices, and customs of the people the Hindu religion in Indian subcontinent, at the time of arrival of the Mohammed Bin qasim, in 712AD was (and of course is) continuing with little difference to feel their image in the minds of the people of more than five thousands of sub castes and sub castes of Hinduism, very favorable for any foreign king.

 

The Alexander had already left from these territories after heavy loss to his military campaign. Perhaps this reason could make the mind of the other foreign kings to invade again these territories. Alexander’s invasion was dated in 326AD, and the Mohammed bin qasim’s invasion was occurred in 712AD. The gap from invasion to invasion was 386 (three hundred and eighty six years) years. This period could be treated as free of invasion in a broader sense but the wars and invasions within the region were common like any other states.

 

The entire region at that was full of invasions and wars against each others by the native tribes. A small bunch of hamlets could never live independently and freely from the threat of its neighboring territories. The limit of the state could be defined within the hamlet level only in which the system of the society was based on the decision of the habitation elders. The habitation elders were used to elect from the tests only through which the aspirants could come through the winning against another contender. The identification of the individual was based on the castes only like the present system of the Indian society. But I made it clear in my past article that there were the references of rural artisans, and rural professionals in the rig Veda, due to the reason of calling the people was initiated in the rig Vedic period only. The composers of the rig Veda, they found the other people in the society who were at that time not in the fold of Brahmans what they like to be called because, they in later times treated the whole society that the born to Brahma, and they became Brahman, which is the top of the social class other than the economical order. The identification of any individual at their time was based on the work he engaged himself for his livelihood.

 

The classification of the society and the system of classification of the people in India was based on the nature of the work from the period of composition of the sacred books of Hinduism. The work based calculation and the identification of the individual as a system in the Hindu religion is an additional character in India as a parameter to estimate his nature in advance is a great contribution to the philosophy of the religion in the world. The question generally arises in the mind of non-Indians due to dual parameter system, in understanding any individual without waste of time and mind for some period of the composers of four Vedas, by the Brahmans. The merit of the Hindu caste system is in the dual system of determining the nature of any individual on the basis of his work. The weavers, gold smith, black smith, wood cutter, washer man, cowherd, shepherd, cow thief, barber, etc ware identified under the shudra category, which was only to serve the upper caste, trading caste, and warrior castes only. The very concept was initiated from the rig Vedic period only when the initial stage of the religious act was based at the house of the sacrificers only. These initial acts of the people who thought to depend on the entire only, because they did not have their own profession first in first phase of the ancient rig Vedic hymns, what I can say and al most all would agree with my point.

 

The Brahman was the priest in getting the desires of the individual to fulfill by performing a set of religious laws in the perfect system of special ceremonies of the sacrifices at the house of sacrificer. “Offering” the gift to the priest was the basic source for the Brahman who had not other work to perform for his livelihood. The initial stage of the Hinduism as appeared in the rig Veda that the animal sacrifices were the basis source of living for the Bahamans. On performing the sacrifice at the house of somebody was a basis source for him in the form of gifts and offers only. The performance of the sacrifice was basically not fixed as a religious stricture to perform within its limits by any other Brahman but the nature of the offering ceremonies were depended on the capacity of the offered, and it is changing its nature from time to time according to the sacrificer.

 

Every member of the society in its initial stage was attracted into its fold due to the reason of affordability every individual, even though for those people who were out of their reach in the tribal habitations. The daily life of the Brahman was based on the charity of the sacrificer and the acts of performance of sacrifice at the house of the individual while the rise of the period of the Hinduism. The “offer” and “gift” was the primary source through which they could survive without participating in the society as a worker in any of their own choice, at the time of their initial stage in the untraceable location of the area long the seven river areas in the Indian sub continent. The profession of these people was only to engage in sacrificial ceremonies and to receive offers and gifts from the sacrificers.

 

On verifying the origin of composers of rig Veda in the light of preparing the ground for applying the way of ruling system in India from the German like nationalist philosophy for the political purposes in India, by many to revive the rig Vedic civilization as the first Indian civilization, but they did not succeed in their attempt to present to the world  and they found that it would never help them as an instrument for the political power more than the decade they enjoyed as right wing Hindu fundamentalists in India. but proved that it is not possible to deceive the Indians in last two general elections . Because their own policy of separating the people from the Brahman’s caste to keep themselves in top position of the hierarchical system of Hinduism in the India caste system.  On name of professional caste service in the religious affiliations of the servicing the society through the profession of service to the society had been assimilated as a religious sanction to the working class people of the caste professions in India under the Brahman dominated religious Hinduism which is quite irrelevant to the spirit of the social system of the working class in ancient Indian subcontinent from the rig Vedic practice of new religious laws of Hinduism.  Since the date of introducing the new practice of religious laws by these Brahmans in the tribal people they did not have any specific profession they own in the history of the Brahman caste except performing the religious acts from their earlier period of practice of the new laws of the religion after gaining complete control over the tribal habitations, that backfired to them in these days after 3000 years in the history of Indian Hinduism which is lately introduced by the practice of the religious laws of those people whose home was not in their practice of the new religious laws in that religion. The practice of the new religious laws in the Indian tribal areas does not mean that their origin and their breed are belonged to the same region. It is the place where the new acts under the religious laws were introduced by these new people into the tribal habitation establishes that the new acts of the religious laws were brought down to them by these people whose origin was not properly identified by the local tribes in Indian subcontinent at the initial period of the present Hinduism based on the rig Vedic practice of those brought to the tribal habitations.

 

The identification of the individual in the society through his professional base was beneficial to them because the categorization of the people could help them in assessing their capacity in offering to the Brahmans even after joining into the fold. They need to know the worth of the other families within their fold in getting their service to them for such gifts and food grains upon which they depended even after passing of so many phases from that practice of the new religious laws to the present day in the Indian society. Their survival after the entry into the field of the practice of new religious laws was primarily based on the “offers” and “gifts” of the tribes of the vast Indian subcontinent after their stock what they brought along with them.

 

The language, Sanskrit was benefited them, in the practice of verses enchanting loudly in the praise of different gods as profession for their livelihood by the collection of good grains, gifts and sharing in the animal sacrifices everyday at houses of offerers.  The new religious practice as a profession they survived so many centuries in the tribal habitations that is the case they made possible for them only without any permanent profession in Indian subcontinent. The lifestyle of these people was really very committed towards the expansion of the practice of the new religious laws from the Rig-Veda to atharva Veda. The period of completion of Rig-Veda alone is in some account is taken from 200-300 years. These people continued the same practice of writing the new religious laws through their generations together for many centuries as profession of practice of the new religion. Upanishads, puranas, bhagavatham, laws of Manu, satapada Brahmans,  grihya sutras, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad-Gita, Vedanta sutras, preaching of shankra chary, patanjali yoga sutras etc. The passage of the time from the composition of Rig-Veda to the writings of swami Vivekananda, if it is calculated, it never exceed 3500-4000 yeas from the period of 1500bc to  present 2010AD. If I ask any Hindu fundamentalist to specify date of breaking of the arrow by ram to win the sita, he says it was in millions of years or it was the time immemorial to the say. Ramesh.c. Dutt (1899), who was written in his book, The Ramayana and Mahabharata, which is available at  sacred-texts.com  as “THE Epic relates to the ancient traditions of two powerful races, the Kosalas and the Videhas, who lived in Northern India between the twelfth and tenth centuries before Christ”. If the story of ram was as ancient as the Rig-Veda, his name could take place in any hymn or in at least verse. So it is quite correct to say that the Ramayana is a story of post Brahmans.

 

In the opinion of Dr RN Iyengar, the scientist of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and the period of Mahabharata was quite relevant to quote here for a balanced and scientific calculation of the time of Mahabharata. He “concluded that most of these references were internally consistent and that the eclipses and celestial observations of Mahabharata belong to the period 1493 BC-1443 BC of Indian History, (refer Indian Journal of History of Science/38.2/2003/77-115)”.

 

 

 

The law of Manu, which was translated by George Buhler, now the available at sacred-texts, officially sanctioned the practice of the discrimination of other castes and classes of the people in Indian subcontinent. In other words the caste system, as it has religious sanction still practicing in few of its portions towards the dalits, as untouchables, and such reports frequently appears in any of the corners of the India. But here I like to see how the social laws were dominating in the society under the influence of these discriminatory against the fellow humans at the time of arrival of the Muslim king as to be verified the under the study of the working class of the people as these were identified as the out side people of the rig Vedic fold while composition and practicing time of past. It means the composition period of Rig-Veda is stated by the government of India in1464BC.

 

Total period from 1464 to present year, if calculated, it would be 3,474 years of the history the Indian had in written only. If anybody deviate from its way of calculating method of the history would be vague and mythical in nature. Mythology is different from the archaeology in any state, as to calculate the real system of calculating the history. Now the origin of Aryan invasion has a lengthy history and it has many facets to counter the new version of the “horse” players of presenting it as national history makers on the name of nationality or something like in the interest of the few people in the country. I know the real economic conditions of the poor Bahamans in India as they believe that the poverty is not new to them and it is their ancestral asset in making real asset with the knowledge of the philosophy of the Hinduism. I am quite normal in branding any caste in Indian caste system from its origination of the written history.

 

If The Brahmans who really contributed any thing to Indians it is in the two ways for the practice. They first introduce the new practice for the people to follow as a principle of the religion. When the people starts believing that it is correct to put it into practice for a period of more than a century, the new generations of the Brahmans reverse the same custom as a principle of the same religion for the people to follow. The Brahman caste is in the leading role in the religious practices since their initial introduction of the new religious practices in the ancient tribes from naming ceremony to the death anniversary in Hindu religion and still it is continuing due to Sanskrit language in which all hymns are written and needed to perform the ceremonies by reading according to the nature of occasions.  They introduced the new practices of the laws for their material interest by depending mostly on it.

 

They started their life from practicing some new acts under the new religious system in the tribal habitations that has been turned into large habitations and become known as religion of Hinduism. They are perfect in molding the mind according to the time and the people also knows about the roles of their acts in the practice of the religious laws. Now the Brahmans are known as vegetarians only. If anybody openly offers chick-Berger, they honestly refuse it. But the history of the good and bad habits from the rig Vedic period to present day, if we check in the Rig-Veda they did not leave the dogs also.

 

They ate cows, horses, bulls, and sheep even cow dung also. It is understood that Brahmans changes their habits according to changes in reverse to the trend of the society. Now the trend is about to follow the vegetarianism. if the total society including kshatriya, and shudra would adopt the same habit of vegetarianism in next century I say they would turn back to non-vegetarianism again because this kind of reverse practice they would adopt due to keep their position on the top of the society in the caste hierarchy in India within the Hinduism.

 

The practice of sacrifice of horse as one of  events of sacrifices described in the Mahabharata-12, Ashwamedha, which says “The Sacrifice of the Horse was an ancient Hindu custom practiced by kings exercising suzerain powers over surrounding kings. A horse was let free, and was allowed to wander from place to place, accompanied by the king’s guard. If any neighboring king ventured to detain the animal, it was a signal for war. If no king ventured to restrain the wanderer, it was considered a tacit mark of submission to the owner of the animal. And when the horse returned from its peregrinations, it was sacrificed with great pomp and splendor at a feast to which all neighboring kings were invited.” The lord ram was either good or not to their people at that time is not a question. But construction of the grand Ram Mandir at the site of babri masjid is unethical and in violation of his moral standards he set for his people at the same time illegal also. The 1/3 part of the site of demolished babri-masjid, is the asset of Muslims and the Muslims would build babri masjid within its allotted site without any doubt. If the Hindus would build the ram mandir within their allotted site, it would be great relief to the Indians. The final verdict of apex court in this regard is binding force for all.

 

 

The new practice of the religious laws in the early times of the arrival of these Brahmans into the Indian tribal population and introduced a new system of living as all the new practices were seen very differently by the local tribes. So that they frequently repeat the word seven, and five to believe them that they were originated from the Indian soil of seven and five rivers, in the most common way in totality which is not fit for those who examines the rig Vedic history as a history of Indian people whose roots and causes were buried under the composition verses, hymns and ten books in such a way by the max Muller not to find the names of the first composers of the rig Veda. The intention behind presenting in such a form which would never prove helpful to read the book as historical document narrating real occurrences in the history prior to forming a new act of practicing the now procedure within themselves and enticing the native tribes, in their practice of the sitting way, singing loudly, and offering their own present to the new participants in their acts with complete different of method in eating too.

 

They were depended on maize juice, corn fry with meat of horse, as well as fasting days in a week, as these practices could be found in the following verses of the 4th book.

 

12 What is our wealth there from, and what our treasure? Tell us O Jātavedas, for thou

Knowest,

What is our best course in this secret passage: we, unreproached, have reached a place far distant.

 

In the above verse they apparently in regret on their arrival from far distant place from where they approached through the secret passage, in singing retrospectively about their origin and on their belongings what they had brought with to the present place and they appeared in the most painful way in which they were to live at the place they had been settled there.  It is confirmed fact that they are reached from the distant place and apparently compared with their past in wealth they possessed before their arrival to the present place of living. They were in thinking about the treasure what were they owned before their arrival to the place where they got as to check their position in wealth. Further it is confirmed they arrived from the “place far distant” through the “secret passage” to the place where they were at present. The distance of their original place to the place they arrived was not near as it clarifies from their own. This verse is taken from the 4th book of Rig-Veda that composed in the earliest period of the composition of remained nine books.

16 Eager for booty, craving strength and horses, we-singers stir Indra, the strong, for friendship,

Who gives the wives we seek, whose succour fails not, to hasten, like a pitcher to the fountain

 

In the above verse, the singers were eager for booty as well the wives too as they desired to have from Indra. The need for booty and wives in which they lived was a condition that described here. Because the wives are not so easy to get like booty from the people who did not like to give their girls to these new men of the practice of the new laws of the Vedic religion at the time of their arrival from a far distant place.

 

 

2 When shall thy glory as a God, Agni, be suddenly shown forth,

For mortal men have held thee fast, adorable in all their homes,

 

The act of “fasting” in the homes was one of the practices of the new of religion was introduced into their lives as these people followed in calling the god Agni to fulfill their desires at that time.

 

 

 

1. WHOSO enkindles thee, with lifted ladle, and thrice this day offers thee food, O Agni,

May he excel, triumphant through thy splendors, wise through thy mental power, O Jātavedas.

 

What the work they had other than eating thrice a day at the cost of offered, and praising the gods by loudly singing the songs as their routine work on the name of inviting the gods in the service of the families who invited them to their houses, is understood to know them as well at that time they practiced the new laws of the religion of Hinduism from above verse, and few of such nature are here under.

 

6 Even as ye here, Gods Excellent and Holy, have loosed the cow that by the foot was tethered,

So also set us free from this affliction long let our life, O Agni, be extended.

 

1. THE God hath looked, even Agni Jātavedas, to meet the Dawns refulgent in their glories.

Come on your chariot, ye who travel widely, come to this sacrifice of ours, Nāsatyas.

 

4 May those most powerful steeds and chariot bring you, O Aśvins, hither at the break of morning?

Here for your draught of meath are Soma juices: at this our sacrifice rejoices, ye Mighty.

 

2 Three times unto our solemn rite comes Agni like a charioteer,

Bearing the viands to the Gods

Without sacrifice of any animal no rite was carried out at the house of offered by these people whose identity was not established in the Rig-Veda. But these were none other than Brahmans as known to us through other Vedas in India. the question is about to know that the Brahmans

 

 

2 The richly-colored Dawns have mounted eastward, like pillars planted at our sacrifices,
And, flushing far, splendid and purifying, unbarred the portals of the fold of darkness.

 

7 Accept our solemn rite; be pleased, Aṅgiras, with our sacrifice:

Give ear and listen to our call.

 

8 This envoy joyeth in all seats of worship, borne on his golden car, sweet-tongued Invoker:

Lovely to look on, with red steeds, effulgent, like a feast rich in food, joyous for ever

 

7 Who brings thee food, though thou hast food in plenty, welcomes his cheerful guest and speeds him onward,

Who kindles thee devoutly in his dwelling, to him be wealth secure and freely giving.

 

9 Whoso brings gifts to thee Immortal, Agni, and doth thee service with uplifted ladle,—

Let him not, sorely toiling, lose his riches; let not the sinner’s wickedness enclose him.

 

3 A hymn, O Priest, to him who hears, the gentle, to him who looks on men, exceeding gracious,

A song of praise sings to the God Immortal, whom the stone, presser of the sweet juice, worships.

 

4 Loving us well, benevolent, close beside us, drink, Godlike Indra, of the well-pressed Soma.

Drink of the meath we offer, and delight thee with food that cometh from the mountain ridges.

 

2 What hero hath been made his feast-companion? Who hath been partner in his loving-kindness?

What know we of his wondrous acts? How often comes he to aid and speed the pious toiler?

 

13 Go never to the feast of one who harms us, the treacherous neighbor or unworthy kinsman.

Punish us not for a false brother’s trespass. Let us not feel the might of friend or foeman.

 

11 Through words and kinship I destroy the mighty: this power I have from Gotama my father.

Mark thou this speech of ours, O thou Most Youthful, Friend of the House, exceeding wise, Invoker.

 

5 Immortal Agni, thee whose voice is pleasant, as first in rank, as God, religious mortals

Invite with hymns; thee who removest hatred, Friend of the Home, the household’s Lord, unerring.

 

2 What hero hath been made his feast-companion? Who hath been partner in his loving-kindness?

What know we of his wondrous acts? How often comes he to aid and speed the pious toiler?

 

7 He who this day for Indra presses Soma, prepares the brew and fries the grains of barley—

Loving the hymns of that devoted servant, to him may Indra give heroic vigor.

 

 

6 This Hero curbs the mighty for the zealous: the presser’s brew Indra possesses solely:

No brother, kin, or friend to him who pours not, destroyer of the dumb who would resist him.

 

5 And now let Maghavan accept the beaker, white, filled with milk, filled with the shining liquid;

The best of sweet meath which the priests have offered: that Indra to his joy may drink, the Hero that he may take and drink it to his rapture.

 

11 Do thou elect us this place for friendship and prosperity,

And great celestial opulence.

 

9 The Gotamas have sung their song of praise to thee that thou mayst give,

Indra, for lively energy.

 

12 Indra, the Gotamas who bring thee praises have grown strong by thee.

Give them renown with hero sons.

 

16 Eat of our sacrificial cake: rejoice thee in the songs we sing.

Even as a lover in his bride.

11 This day have they set gladdening drink before you. Not without toil are Gods inclined to friendship.

Therefore do ye who are so great, O Ṛbhus, vouchsafe us treasures at this third libation.

4 Now for the mortal worshipper, O Heroes, for him who served you, was the gift of riches.

Drink, Vājas, Ṛbhus! Unto you is offered, to gladden you, the third and great libation.

7 Lord of Bay Steeds, at dawn the juice thou drankest: thine, only thine, is the noonday libation.

Now drink thou with the wealth-bestowing Ṛbhus, whom for their skill thou madest friends, O Indra.

 

4 Borne on your golden car, ye omnipresent! come to this sacrifice of ours, Nāsatyas.

Drink of the pleasant liquor of the Soma give riches to the people who adore you.

 

7 Whene’er I gratified you here together, your grace was given us, O ye rich in booty.

Protect, ye Twain, the singer of your praises: to you, Nāsatyas, is my wish directed.

 

5 Well knowing solemn rites and rich in meath, the fires sing to the morning Aśvins at the break of day,

When with pure hands the prudent energetic priest hath with the stones pressed out the Soma rich in meath.

1. DRINK the best draught of Soma-juice, O Vāyu, at our holy rites:

For thou art he who drinketh first.

 

8 In his own house he dwells in peace and comfort: to him for ever holy food flows richly.

To him the people with free will pay homage-the King with whom the Brahman hath precedence.

 

4 O Goddesses, is this your car, I ask you, ancient this day, or is it new, ye Mornings,

Wherewith, rich Dawns, ye seek with wealth Navagva, Daśagva Aṅgira, the seven-toned singer?

Rivalry among the practitioners of the new methodology is found as the following verse from the same book is appeared.

 

11 Bṛhaspati and Indra, make us prosper May this be your benevolence to us-ward.

Assist our holy thoughts, wake up our spirit: weaken the hatred of our foe and rivals.

 

6 Ye sanctify each other’s form, by your own proper might ye rule,

And from of old observe the Law.

 

7 Furthering and fulfilling, ye, O Mighty, perfect Mitra’s Law.

Ye sit around our sacrifice.

 

The Insertions of verses into hymns into 4th book, by those who belonged to the later period of Vedas, which are shown here in the following as an example confirms that these texts what we are studying is not in its original form of the time that intended to associate with the other verses.

 

6 Auspicious Sītā, come thou near: we venerate and worship thee

That thou mayst bless and prosper us and bring us fruits abundantly.

 

7 May Indra press the furrow down, May Pūṣan guide its course aright.

May she, as rich in milk, be drained for us through each succeeding year.

 

2 As the cow yieldeth milk, pour for us freely, Lord of the Field, the wave that beareth sweetness,

Distilling meath, well-purified like butter, and let the. Lords of holy Law be gracious.

 

8 Happily let the shares turn up the plough-land, happily go the ploughers with the oxen.

With meath and milk Parjanya make us happy. Grant us prosperity, Śuna and Sīra.

 

4 That oil in triple shape the Gods discovered lay down within the Cow, concealed by Paṇis.

Indra produced one shape, Sūrya another: by their own power they formed the third from Vena.

 

5 From inmost reservoir in countless channels flow down these rivers which the foe beholds not.

I look upon the streams of oil descending, and lo! The Golden Reed is there among them.

 

11 The universe depends upon thy power and might within the sea, within the heart, within all life.

 

The 4th book of rig Veda which had 58 hymns with its usual verses on the name of different gods under different subjects, with repetition of verses at the end of each hymn could be seen here under. These repetition of the same verse, were taken place from hymn no.16 to 24, except in hymn no.18 which had only 13 verses with different numbering in the total no. of verses in each hymn.

 

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let power swell high, like rivers, for the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays! Is fashioned. May we, care-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let wealth swell high like rivers to the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays, is fashioned. May we, car-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let powers swell high, like rivers, for the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays! Is fashioned. May we, car-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let power swell high, like rivers, for the singer.

A new hymn, Lord of Bays! For thee is fashioned. May we, car-born, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let power swell high, like rivers, for the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays! is fashioned. May we, care-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let wealth swell high like rivers to the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays, is fashioned. May we, car-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded,—glorified with praises, let power swell high like rivers to the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays, is fashioned. May we, car-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

11 Now, Indra! Lauded, glorified with praises, let wealth swell high like rivers for the singer.

For thee a new hymn, Lord of Bays, is fashioned. May we, car-borne, through song be victors ever.

 

Moreover, every hymn contain different no of verses in its each hymn, without following of the basic norms of reasoning behind such set up by composers of the rig Veda, after collection of its manuscripts. These manuscripts were used only by max Muller alone. And many more prior to him also attempted to translate these hymns into English from its Sanskrit language. There are 2 hymns are which had only single sentence as verse in the hymns.

 

In the 5th book, the widened sphere of the new culture was widely accepted by the people of tribal habitations around the new cultural establishments of sacrifices by these new people by the way of splitting themselves within from their cultural identification in enticing the tribal population. The reason behind the differences among themselves was basically emerged to have relations with local tribes in collecting the cattle, feeding of their animals brought from others under presumption as all these were the booty to loot freely, and collection of fire wood from the neighboring forest where they were never allowed for certain period. And they had to limit themselves to their habitation only. Consequently the burden was become unbearable as to survive in collective way of single habitation.

 

The next reason for the split within was needed to attract tribes of out of their fold, with their presentation, such as oblation, meat and oil for the entire ceremony of the sacrifice at the point of their own habitation. At the same time the voice of sweetness in singing loudly under the rules followed by their previous generation was to follow in conducting a big way. The reasons of split from within were broadly based on the two factors. Of them, was reaction from the local tribes on collection of the maize, firewood, oil, fats, and barley, for which they were needed to plunder all these essentials including, cows, for their milk, clarified butter, and making curd for their was become necessary in the early phase of arrival to their newly selected place in isolation with complete protection. What they brought along with them was consumed in a period when they were kept themselves away in isolation from the view of the local tribes on performing the sacrifices in a big way in collective living society in a strange manner with complete difference in cultural practice form the local tribes.

To be continued in part-2

 

 

Ayub Mohammed.

 

About the Author

 

 

I am ayub Mohammed, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, since last 15 years residing in Hyderabad. Graduated in 1983, from Kakatiya University, and completed M.A from Andhra University, in 1985. After wards, continued in law, from Nagarjuna University, from1985 to 88. Now, I like to share with your opinions on the subjects, touching directly and indirectly to the society that influences the ideas and thoughts on each and every issue in the society, as well. Because, the whole global system is asking the humans to work like the machine, moving for them only as slaves, without ideas and dreams in the society. If the poor, even wanted to be a slave to his master, the master is not ready to accept him as a slave. The global masters wants the entire mankind must work like a bull without essentials for their survival, but the human nature continues to separate from the animal trait, through its thinking nature. The conflict stands irresolvable, till the point of reaching of masters and poor on certain understanding, by feeling each other as equal humans in the globe.

Ayub Mohammed

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/

 

 

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A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels Into the Interior of That Country $37.3 Subtitle: Executed Under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810: in Which Are Included, an Account of the Portuguese Settlements on the East Coast of Africa, Visited in the Course of the Voyage: a Concise Narrative of Late Events in Arabia Felix; and Some Particulars Respecting the Aboriginal African Tribes, Extending From Mosambique to the Borders of Egypt: Together With Vocabularies of Their Respective Languages General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1816 Original Publisher: Published by M. Carey Subjects: African languages Ethiopia Africa, East Foreign Language Study / African Languages History / Africa / General History / Africa / Central History / Africa / East History / Africa / North Language Arts

A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels Into the Interior of That Country $87.85 New – Subtitle: Executed Under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810: in Which Are Included, an Account of the Portuguese Settlements on the East Coast of Africa, Visited in the Course of the Voyage: a Concise Narrative of Late Events in Arabia Felix; and Some Particulars Respecting the Aboriginal African Tribes, Extending From Mosambique to the Borders of Egypt: Together With Vocabularies of Their Respective Languages General Books publication date: 2009 Original publ

A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels Into the Interior of That Country $30.26 Used – Subtitle: Executed Under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810: in Which Are Included, an Account of the Portuguese Settlements on the East Coast of Africa, Visited in the Course of the Voyage: a Concise Narrative of Late Events in Arabia Felix; and Some Particulars Respecting the Aboriginal African Tribes, Extending From Mosambique to the Borders of Egypt: Together With Vocabularies of Their Respective Languages General Books publication date: 2009 Original pub

Africa $39.99 Sebastião Salgado is one the most respected photojournalists working today, his reputation forged by decades of dedication and powerful black-and-white images of distressed people taken in places where most wouldn’t dare to go. Although he has photographed around the globe, his work most heavily concentrates on Africa, where he has shot more than 40 reportage works over a period of 30 years. From the Dinka tribes in Sudan and the Himba in Namibia to gorillas and volcanoes in the lakes region to displaced peoples throughout the continent, Salgado shows us all facets of African life today. He knows exactly how to grab the essence of a moment and his images artfully teach us the disastrous effects of war, poverty, disease, and hostile climatic conditions. This stunning book brings together Salgado’s photos in three parts: the first concentrates on the southern part of the continent (Mozambique, Malawi, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia), the second on the Great Lakes region (Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya), and the third on the Sub-Saharan region (Burkina Faso, Mali, Sudan, Somalia, Chad, Mauritania, Senegal, Ethiopia). Texts are provided by renowned Mozambique novelist Mia Couto, who describes how today’s Africa reflects the effects of colonization as well as the consequences of economic, social, and environmental crises.

Africa Beyond Wars, Diseases & Disasters. Answers to the 101 Most Commonly Asked Questions: Ebonics, Rap Music. Homosexuality. Polygamy. Female Circu $6.21 AFRICA:… LITTLE BUT UNKNOWN FACTS.Just new in the market. A must read for everyone that wants to know Africa from a real perspective of Africans as never written or told before.Refresh your memories with these questions about Africa…. If you think you know Africa well.Do you know why the Ibos are called the “Jews of Africa?”Do you know that some African tribes trace their ancestry to Baghdad and Yemen in the Middle East?Does it take acts of terrorism in Kenya and Tanzania and the recent bombing of Israeli Hotel in Kenya for you to know that Africa is part of the world that must be secured if the War on Terror is to succeed?Do you know why Prince William chose “Out of Africa” as the theme of his 21st birthday regarded as the Rite of Passage’ in African context?Do you know that female circumcision is a crime in some African countries and recently more African nations have imposed penalties of five to ten years’ imprisonment against anybody that circumcised her daughter?Are you aware that economic and changing cultural forces coupled with the campaign by UN-funded family planning agencies’ campaigns are redrawing Africa’s family size and population more than HIV/AIDS or as a result of any epidemic that plagues the African continent?Do you know that females dominantly populate African schools, from Elementary Schools, High Schools, Colleges and Universities?If your answers to these questions are still in doubt… then this book is a must read.It is a thrilling book with real facts, figures and opinions of subjects from various corners of African continent as never seen in any book published before. Africa Beyond Wars, Diseases and Disasters. 101 Answers to Your Questions. You Asked For This Book. Is a true, honest responses to your curious questions from across Bahamas, to North and South America. From blacks and whites across racial and religious boundaries – including people at the shopping malls, recreation parks,

Africa for Kids $17.95 Africa is brought to life in this imaginative look at the plants, animals, and people that make it such a fascinating continent. Studies of both traditional tribes and modern African cities showcase Africa’s diversity, and authentic activities allow kids to dive into the rich culture by making a Maasai bivouac shelter, writing a fable in the African style, working as a field biologist, making a ritual elephant mask, and learning to tie an African Kanga dress. This cross-cultural study also shows kids what challenges Africa faces today while giving them a look at what it is like to live on this interesting continent.

Africa for Kids: Exploring a Vibrant Continent – 19 Activities $1.51 Africa is brought to life in this imaginative look at the plants, animals, and people that make it such a fascinating continent. Studies of both traditional tribes and modern African cities showcase Africa’s diversity, and authentic activities allow kids to dive into the rich culture by making a Maasai bivouac shelter, writing a fable in the African style, working as a field biologist, making a ritual elephant mask, and learning to tie an African Kanga dress. This cross-cultural study also shows kids what challenges Africa faces today while giving them a look at what it is like to live on this interesting continent.

Africa in History $28.99 Prior to the original publication of Africa in History , the history and development of Africa had been measured by the European concept of civilization , applying a Eurocentric approach to African art and literature. Basil Davidson’s landmark work presents the inner growth of Africa and its worldwide significance, the internal dynamic of its old civilizations and their links with Asia, Europe and America, as well as the development of specific areas, tribes and cultures. From accounts of the days of the green Sahara and the great iron age, the earliest Portuguese colonization, the coming of slavery and the subsequent legacy of violence and mistrust, the growth of Islam in the north and the cults of the Congo, the sophistication of art and architecture, and the pattern behind social and tribal mores, the entire picture of the continent emerges. This revised edition reflects the recent astonishing changes in South Africa, including the release of Nelson Mandela.

Africa-intergalactic Federation of African Tribes $38.61 Africa-intergalactic Federation of African Tribes

Africa: Sabastiao Salgado $39.99 From the Dinka tribes in Sudan and the Himba in Namibia to gorillas and volcanoes in the lakes region to displaced peoples throughout the continent, Salgado shows all facets of African life today.

African Comics: African Characters in Comics $7.89 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: African Characters in Comics, Mfumu’eto, Shujaaz, Macho Ya Mji, Abunuwasi. Excerpt: Abunuwasi is a character in East African folk tales. In the tales Abunuwasi tricks greedy, wealthy men and avenges the poor people.The Tanzanian artist Godfrey Mwampembwa (Gado ) created a Swahili comic book called Abunuwasi , which has adaptations of three of the Abunuwasi stories. The book was published by Sasa Sema Publications in 1996. References (URLs online) Websites (URLs online) A hyperlinked version of this chapter is at Characters native to the African continent have been depicted in comics since the beginnings of the modern comic strip . Initially, such early 20th-century newspaper comics as Winsor McCay ’s Little Nemo depicted the racist stereotype of a spear-carrying cannibal, a comedic convention of the time. African characters later began to appear as another stereotype, the “noble savage ” a similar progression to that of depictions of Native Americans and eventually as standard human beings.History American Comics Cartoonist Lee Falk ’s adventure comic strip Mandrake the Magician featured the African supporting character Lothar from its 1934 debut on. He was a former “Prince of the Seven Nations”, a federation of jungle tribes, but passed on the chance to become king and instead followed Mandrake on his world travels, fighting crime. He is often referred to as the strongest man in the world. Initially an illiterate exotic dressed in animal skins who provided brawn to complement Mandrake’s brain on their adventures, he was modernized in 1965 to dress in suits and speak standard English. The publisher All-Negro Comics, Inc. published a single issue of All-Negro Comics (June 1947), a 15-cent omnibus, at a time when comics generally cost a dime, starring characters that

African Designs from Traditional Sources $14.95 Linocut prints in crisp black-and-white designs reflect traditional work from Zulu, Masai, and dozens of other tribes. Masks, abstract motifs, and much more. 378 illustrations.

African Designs from Traditional Sources. $14.95 Linocut prints in crisp black-and-white designs reflect traditional work from Zulu, Masai, and dozens of other tribes. Masks, abstract motifs, and much more. 378 illustrations.

African Inspirations in Embroidery $303.87 A leading embroiderer with a lifelong love and understanding of African culture translates the many striking images of that magnificent continent into breathtaking textile art. From the dusky colors of the savannah to the traditional beadwork of African tribes, a variety of sources have gone into producing stunning effects. Rather than specific projects–although there is one exquisitely beaded Xhosa bag to make–this guide focuses on process and inspiration, with plenty of photos of beautiful fabrics and crafts. There’s advice on researching traditional African patterns, Creating original designs, using color, and incorporating pattern and texture, along with profiles of noted textile artists.

African Political Systems $42.45 AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS by Fortes, Meyer CONTENTS: EDITORS’ NOTE. PREFACE. Professor A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, M.A. (Cantab.), Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Oxford INTRODUCTION. Dr. M. Fortes and Professor E. E. Evans-Pntchard Aims of this Book. A Representative Sample of African. Societies. Political Philosophy and Comparative Politics. The Two Types of Political System Studied. Kinship in Political Organization. The Influence of Demography. The Influence of Mode of Livelihood. Composite Political Systems and the Conquest Theory. The Territorial Aspect. The Balance of Forces in the Political System, The Incidence and Function of Organised Force. Differences in Response to European Rule. The Mystical Values Associated with Political Office. The Problem of the Limits of the Political Group. THE KINGDOM OF THE ZULU OF SOUTH AFRICA. Max Gluckman. B.A. (How.) (Witwatersrand), D.Phil. (Oxon). Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Manchester Historical Introduction. The Zulu King and the State. Status and Political Power. The Tribes within the Nation, Sanctions on Authority and the Stability of the State. The People and their Leaders. The Period of European Rule. Conclusion. THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NGWATO OF BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE. /. Schapera, M.A, (Cape town), Ph.D., D.Sc.(London), F.R.S.S.Af. Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cape toton Ethnic Composition and Territorial Constitution. The Administrative System. Powers and Authority of the Chief. Rights and Responsibilities of Chieftainship. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE BEMBA TRIBE NORTHEASTERN RHODESIA. Audrey I. Richards, M.A«(Cantab\ Ph.D.(London). Reader in Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 83Bantu Political Organization Some General Features The Bemba Tribe: Tribal Composition Social Grouping Kinship Local Grouping Rank Other Principles of Social Grouping

African Political Systems $29.94 AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS by Fortes, Meyer CONTENTS: EDITORS’ NOTE. PREFACE. Professor A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, M.A. (Cantab.), Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Oxford INTRODUCTION. Dr. M. Fortes and Professor E. E. Evans-Pntchard Aims of this Book. A Representative Sample of African. Societies. Political Philosophy and Comparative Politics. The Two Types of Political System Studied. Kinship in Political Organization. The Influence of Demography. The Influence of Mode of Livelihood. Composite Political Systems and the Conquest Theory. The Territorial Aspect. The Balance of Forces in the Political System, The Incidence and Function of Organised Force. Differences in Response to European Rule. The Mystical Values Associated with Political Office. The Problem of the Limits of the Political Group. THE KINGDOM OF THE ZULU OF SOUTH AFRICA. Max Gluckman. B.A. (How.) (Witwatersrand), D.Phil. (Oxon). Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Manchester Historical Introduction. The Zulu King and the State. Status and Political Power. The Tribes within the Nation, Sanctions on Authority and the Stability of the State. The People and their Leaders. The Period of European Rule. Conclusion. THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NGWATO OF BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE. /. Schapera, M.A, (Cape town), Ph.D., D.Sc.(London), F.R.S.S.Af. Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cape toton Ethnic Composition and Territorial Constitution. The Administrative System. Powers and Authority of the Chief. Rights and Responsibilities of Chieftainship. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE BEMBA TRIBE NORTHEASTERN RHODESIA. Audrey I. Richards, M.A«(Cantab\ Ph.D.(London). Reader in Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 83Bantu Political Organization Some General Features The Bemba Tribe: Tribal Composition Social Grouping Kinship Local Grouping Rank Other Principles of Social Grouping

African Political Systems $29.96 The book has no illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from the publisher’’s website (GeneralBooksClub.com). You can also preview excerpts of the book there. Purchasers are also entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Original Publisher: London: Pub. for the International African Institute by the Oxford university press; Publication date: 1950; Subjects: Political anthropology/ Africa; Indigenous peoples; Tribal government/ Africa; Tribal government; Indigenous peoples; Political anthropology; Africa; Society, Primitive; Tribes and tribal system; Social Science / General; Political Science / General; Political Science / Political Process / General; History / Africa / General; Political Science / International Relations / General; Political Science / Public Affairs

African Political Systems $29.96 AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS by Fortes, Meyer CONTENTS: EDITORS’ NOTE. PREFACE. Professor A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, M.A. (Cantab.), Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Oxford INTRODUCTION. Dr. M. Fortes and Professor E. E. Evans-Pntchard Aims of this Book. A Representative Sample of African. Societies. Political Philosophy and Comparative Politics. The Two Types of Political System Studied. Kinship in Political Organization. The Influence of Demography. The Influence of Mode of Livelihood. Composite Political Systems and the Conquest Theory. The Territorial Aspect. The Balance of Forces in the Political System, The Incidence and Function of Organised Force. Differences in Response to European Rule. The Mystical Values Associated with Political Office. The Problem of the Limits of the Political Group. THE KINGDOM OF THE ZULU OF SOUTH AFRICA. Max Gluckman. B.A. (How.) (Witwatersrand), D.Phil. (Oxon). Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Manchester Historical Introduction. The Zulu King and the State. Status and Political Power. The Tribes within the Nation, Sanctions on Authority and the Stability of the State. The People and their Leaders. The Period of European Rule. Conclusion. THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NGWATO OF BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE. /. Schapera, M.A, (Cape town), Ph.D., D.Sc.(London), F.R.S.S.Af. Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cape toton Ethnic Composition and Territorial Constitution. The Administrative System. Powers and Authority of the Chief. Rights and Responsibilities of Chieftainship. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE BEMBA TRIBE NORTHEASTERN RHODESIA. Audrey I. Richards, M.A«(Cantab\ Ph.D.(London). Reader in Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 83Bantu Political Organization Some General Features The Bemba Tribe: Tribal Composition Social Grouping Kinship Local Grouping Rank Other Principles of Social Grouping

African Politics: Organisation of African Unity, Coltan, Blood Diamond, African Renaissance, African Nationalism, Ticad Delegations $30.61 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Organisation of African Unity, Coltan, Blood Diamond, African Renaissance, African Nationalism, Ticad Delegations, African Independence Movements, Tokyo International Conference on African Development, All-African Peoples’ Conference, Propaganda in the War in Somalia, Southern African Development Community, West African Students’ Union, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, Big Man, African Students Convention 2005, Forum on China-africa Cooperation, Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation, Fascism in Africa, African Students’ Association, Institute for Security Studies, Harry Thuku, African Socialism, New Generation of African Leaders, Africa Liberal Network, African Unification Front, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Human Rights in Africa, Anarchism in Africa, Federation of Green Parties of Africa, Union of African States, Southern Africa Social Forum, Emmie Chanika, African Social Forum, Lagos Plan of Action, India-africa Forum Summit, League of African Democratic Socialist Parties, African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance, West African National Secretariat, Japanese Foreign Policy on Africa, Association of African Election Authorities, African Leaders State of Africa Report, University Students’ African Revolutionary Front, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Candacate, Nairobi Agreement. Excerpt: African nationalism is the nationalist political movement for one unified Africa, or the less significant objective of the acknowledgment of African tribes by instituting their own states, as well as the safeguarding of their indigenous customs. Establishments which championed the cause included the Aborigines’ Rights Protection Society in the Gold Coast (founded 1897), the African National Congress in South Africa (… More:

African Sculpture Speaks $7.5 The first full appraisal of African art published in the United States, African Sculpture Speaks describes and illustrates the sculpted works of more than 150 West African tribes.

African Sculpture Speaks $47.95 The first full appraisal of African art published in the United States, African Sculpture Speaks describes and illustrates the sculpted works of more than 150 West African tribes.

African Sculpture Speaks $30.68 The first full appraisal of African art published in the United States, African Sculpture Speaks describes and illustrates the sculpted works of more than 150 West African tribes.

African-Native American Relations: Native Americans in the United States, Melungeon, Cherokee Freedmen Controversy $31.64 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Native Americans in the United States, Melungeon, Cherokee Freedmen Controversy, Black Indians in the United States, One-Drop Rule, Black Seminoles, Casta, Haliwa-Saponi, Garifuna, Miskito, Piscataway, Piscataway Indian Nation, Dominickers, List of People of African American and Native American Admixture, Zambo, Negro Mountain, Chestnut Ridge People, William Loren Katz, Carmel Indians, Black-Brown Unity, We-Sorts, Marabou, Cafuzo. Excerpt: Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii. They comprise a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as intact political communities. The terminology used to refer to Native Americans is controversial: according to a 1995 US Census Bureau set of home interviews, most of the respondents with an expressed preference refer to themselves as American Indians or Indians. European colonization of the Americas led to centuries of conflict and adjustment between Old and New World societies. Most of the written historical record about Native Americans was made by Europeans after initial contact. Native Americans lived in hunter/farmer subsistence societies with significantly different value systems than those of the European colonists. The differences in culture between the Native Americans and Europeans, and the shifting alliances among different nations of each culture, led to great misunderstandings and long-lasting cultural conflicts. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of what today constitutes the United States of America vary significantly, ranging from 1 million to 18 million. After the colonies revolted against Grea… More:

Agriculture in Sudan: Novi Sad Fair $10.66 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Agriculture in Sudan, Date Cultivation in Dar Al-Manasir, Camel Farming in Sudan, Gum Arabic. Excerpt: In the early 1990s, agriculture and livestock raising were the main sources of livelihood in Sudan for about 61 percent of the working population. Approximately one-third of the total area of Sudan, the largest country on the African continent is suitable for agricultural development and heavier rainfall in the south permits both agriculture and herding by nomadic tribes.Agricultural products in total account for about 95 percent of the country’s exports. In 1998 there was an estimated 16.9 million hectares (41.8 million acres) of arable land and approximately 1.9 million hectares (4.7 million acres) set aside for irrigation, primarily in the north of the country along the banks of the Nile and other rivers. Cash crops (as of 1999) grown under irrigation in these areas include cotton and cottonseed , which is of primary importance to the economy with 172,000 tons and 131,000 tons produced annually respectively, sesame (220,000 tons), sugarcane (5,950,000 tons), peanuts (980,000 tons), dates (176,000 tons), citrus fruits , yams (136,000 tons), tomatoes (240,000 tons), mangoes , coffee , and tobacco . The main subsistence crops produced in Sudan are sorghum (3,045,000 tons), millet (1,499,000 tons), wheat (168,000 tons), cowpeas , beans , pulses , corn (65,000), and barley . Cotton is the principal export crop and an integral part of the country’s economy and Sudan is the world’s third largest producer of sesame aftfer India and China . Growth trends The average annual growth of agricultural production declined in the 1980s to 0.8 percent for the period 1980-87, as compared with 2.9 percent for the period 1965-80. Similarly, the sector’s total contribution to GDP

Amazing Africa Projects You Can Build Yourself $14.02 Separating the vast continent into its many distinct and diverse countries, this comprehensive reference introduces the ancient civilizations and tribes, unique traditions, and amazing wildlife of Africa. With 25 fun projects that kids can complete using easily accessible supplies and even recycled materials, this study clearly demonstrates what life is like in each unique setting. Step-by-step instructions show how to make shields for an initiation ceremony, cook banana fritters and benne cakes, and design animal masks to celebrate the seasons. Summarizing one of the world’s largest and most populous landscapes, this overview also touches on the obstacles overcome by the African people and how the global community can help them face future challenges.

Amazing Africa Projects You Can Build Yourself $15.95 Separating the vast continent into its many distinct and diverse countries, this comprehensive reference introduces the ancient civilizations and tribes, unique traditions, and amazing wildlife of Africa. With 25 fun projects that kids can complete using easily accessible supplies and even recycled materials, this study clearly demonstrates what life is like in each unique setting. Step-by-step instructions show how to make shields for an initiation ceremony, cook banana fritters and benne cakes, and design animal masks to celebrate the seasons. Summarizing one of the world’s largest and most populous landscapes, this overview also touches on the obstacles overcome by the African people and how the global community can help them face future challenges.

American Colonies: The Settling of North America (the Penguin History of the United States, Volume1) $18 With this volume, Alan Taylor challenges the traditional story of colonial history by examining the many cultures that helped make America. Transcending the usual Anglocentric version of our colonial past, he recovers the importance of Native American tribes, African slaves, and the rival empires of France, Spain, the Netherlands, and even Russia in the colonization of North America. Moving beyond the Atlantic seaboard to examine the entire continent, American Colonies reveals a pivotal period in the global interaction of peoples, cultures, plants, animals, and microbes. In a vivid narrative, Taylor draws upon cutting-edge scholarship to create a timely picture of the colonial world characterized by an interplay of freedom and slavery, opportunity and loss.Author Biography: Alan Taylor is professor of history at the University of California at Davis. He is the author of William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic, which won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for History and the Bancroft Prize in American history. Eric Foner is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University. He has been awarded the Bancroft Prize, Parkman Prize, and a Los Angeles Times Book Award, among other honors.

American Indians and the Fight for Equal Voting Rights $26.95 The struggle for voting rights was not limited to African Americans in the South. American Indians also faced discrimination at the polls and still do today. This book explores their fight for equal voting rights and carefully documents how non-Indian officials have tried to maintain dominance over Native peoples despite the rights they are guaranteed as American citizens.Laughlin McDonald has participated in numerous lawsuits brought on behalf of Native Americans in Montana, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. This litigation challenged discriminatory election practices such as at-large elections, redistricting plans crafted to dilute voting strength, unfounded allegations of election fraud on reservations, burdensome identification and registration requirements, lack of language assistance, and noncompliance with the Voting Rights Act. McDonald devotes special attention to the VRA and its amendments, whose protections are central to realizing the goal of equal political participation.McDonald describes past and present-day discrimination against Indians, including land seizures, destruction of bison herds, attempts to eradicate Native language and culture, and efforts to remove and in some cases even exterminate tribes. Because of such treatment, he argues, Indians suffer a severely depressed socioeconomic status, voting is sharply polarized along racial lines, and tribes are isolated and lack meaningful interaction with non-Indians in communities bordering reservations.Far more than a record of litigation, American Indians and the Fight for Equal Voting Rights paints a broad picture of Indian political participation by incorporating expert reports, legislative histories, newspaper accounts, government archives, and hundreds of interviews with tribal members. This in-depth study of Indian voting rights recounts the extraordinary progress American Indians have made and looks toward a more just future.

Americana Crosswords: Crisscrossing the Country with 50 All-New Puzzles $1.99 Challenge your mind and celebrate the American spirit with this clever collection of theme crossword puzzles. Test your knowledge of American history and geography, presidents, state capitals, Native American tribes, celebrities, tourist sites, sports stars, and more. Do you know an 8-letter early Florida resident? How about Alabama’s state flower (8 letters)? What 10-letter battle is often seen as the turning point of the Civil War? Can you guess which 5-letter food Thomas Jefferson loved? Or the 5-letter first name of Revels, the first African-American member of Congress? You’ll have fun exercising your American ingenuity with these 50 crosswords packed with facts, trivia, and a lot of pride in the U.S.A.Answers: Seminole, camellia,Gettysburg, crabs, Hiram

Americana Crosswords: Crisscrossing the Country with 50 All-New Puzzles $1.98 Challenge your mind and celebrate the American spirit with this clever collection of theme crossword puzzles. Test your knowledge of American history and geography, presidents, state capitals, Native American tribes, celebrities, tourist sites, sports stars, and more. Do you know an 8-letter early Florida resident? How about Alabama’s state flower (8 letters)? What 10-letter battle is often seen as the turning point of the Civil War? Can you guess which 5-letter food Thomas Jefferson loved? Or the 5-letter first name of Revels, the first African-American member of Congress? You’ll have fun exercising your American ingenuity with these 50 crosswords packed with facts, trivia, and a lot of pride in the U.S.A. Answers: Seminole, camellia, Gettysburg, crabs, Hiram

Among Central African Tribes $21.19 Corey,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by General Books

Among Central African Tribes $15.55 Stephen J. (Stephen Jared) 1873- Corey,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by Nabu Press

An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone to Which Is Added an Account of the Present State of Medicine Among Them: To W $206 The author of this work presents an informative description of the surrounding tribes together with a collection of Temne, Bulom and Susu vocabularies. The second volume represents a systematic account of African medicine, diseases, remedies and therapeutic plants.

An Eloquent Picture Gallery: The South African Portrait Photographs of Gustav Theodor Fritsch,1863-1865 $29.34 Bringing to life a unique cultural gallery of both known and unknown figures of the early 1860s with an astonishing veracity, this remarkable photographic collection is a visual documentation of South Africa’s people. Aesthetically stunning and of surprising technical quality for the period taken, this intriguing collage represents the life work of 25-year-old German doctor and anthropologist Gustav Fritsch, who utilized the relatively new photographic medium to complement his scientific expedition to the South African landscape. Reflecting how the native tribes remained untouched by the social and industrial revolution around them, and accompanied by essays that set in context Fritsch’s outlook on racial discovery and theory, this invaluable photographic insight is an artistic and historically significant addition to South Africa’s cultural heritage.

An Ivory Trader in North Kenia $30.47 Used – Subtitle: The Record of an Expedition Through Kikuyu to Galla-Land in East Equatorial Africa. With an Account of the Rendili and Burkeneji Tribes General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1903 Original Publisher: Longmans, Green, and co. Subjects: Kenya Ethnology Rendile (African people) Samburu (African people) Rendille (African people) Rendili Burkeneji Africa, East Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may

An Ivory Trader in North Kenia $60.95 New – Subtitle: The Record of an Expedition Through Kikuyu to Galla-Land in East Equatorial Africa. With an Account of the Rendili and Burkeneji Tribes General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1903 Original Publisher: Longmans, Green, and co. Subjects: Kenya Ethnology Rendile (African people) Samburu (African people) Rendille (African people) Rendili Burkeneji Africa, East Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may b

An Ivory Trader in North Kenia $35.34 New – Subtitle: The Record of an Expedition Through Kikuyu to Galla-Land in East Equatorial Africa. With an Account of the Rendili and Burkeneji Tribes General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1903 Original Publisher: Longmans, Green, and co. Subjects: Kenya Ethnology Rendile (African people) Samburu (African people) Rendille (African people) Rendili Burkeneji Africa, East Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may b

An Ivory Trader in North Kenia $39.92 Used – Subtitle: The Record of an Expedition Through Kikuyu to Galla-Land in East Equatorial Africa. With an Account of the Rendili and Burkeneji Tribes General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1903 Original Publisher: Longmans, Green, and co. Subjects: Kenya Ethnology Rendile (African people) Samburu (African people) Rendille (African people) Rendili Burkeneji Africa, East Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may

Anguilla $9.16 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Anguilla (pronounced ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately 26 km (16 mi) long by 5 km (3.1 mi) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island’s capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 91 km (35 sq mi), with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate). Anguilla was first settled by Amerindian tribes who migrated from South America. The earliest Amerindian artifacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300 BC, and remains of settlements date from 600 AD. The date of European discovery is uncertain: some sources claim that Columbus sighted the island in 1493, while others state that the island was first discovered by the French in 1564 or 1565. The name Anguilla derives from the word for “eel” in any of various Romance languages (modern Spanish: ; French: ; Italian: ), probably chosen because of the island’s eel-like shape. Anguilla was first colonised by English settlers from Saint Kitts, beginning in 1650. The French temporarily overtook the island in 1666 but under the Treaty of Breda it was returned to English control. Other early arrivals included Europeans from Antigua and Barbados. It is likely that some of these early Europeans brought enslaved Africans with them. Historians confirm that African slaves lived in the region in the early seventeenth century. For example, Africans from Senegal lived in St. Christopher (today St. Kitts) in 1626. By 1672 a slave depot existed on the island of Nevis, serving the Leeward Islands. While the time of African arrival in Anguilla is diffi… More:

Ashanti to Zulu $21.99 Explains some traditions and customs of 26 African tribes beginning with letters from A to Z.

Ashanti to Zulu African Traditions $11.48 New – This lushly illustrated alphabet book describes life in 26 African tribes. Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the Best Illustrated Children’s Books of 1976 and winner of the 1977 Caldecott Medal.

Ashanti to Zulu African Traditions $14.12 New – This lushly illustrated alphabet book describes life in 26 African tribes. Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the Best Illustrated Children’s Books of 1976 and winner of the 1977 Caldecott Medal.

Ashanti to Zulu: 2african Traditions $5.23 Used – This lushly illustrated alphabet book describes life in 26 African tribes. Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the Best Illustrated Children’s Books of 1976 and winner of the 1977 Caldecott Medal.

Ashanti to Zulu: 2african Traditions $1.21 Used – This lushly illustrated alphabet book describes life in 26 African tribes. Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the Best Illustrated Children’s Books of 1976 and winner of the 1977 Caldecott Medal.

Ashanti to Zulu: African Traditions $6.99 Explains some traditions and customs of 26 African tribes beginning with letters from A to Z.

Ashanti to Zulu: African Traditions $8.95 Explains some traditions and customs of 26 African tribes beginning with letters from A to Z.

Ashanti to Zulu: African Traditions $21.99 Explains some traditions and customs of 26 African tribes beginning with letters from A to Z.